To: Kevin Podsiadlik who wrote (88 ) 4/17/2005 11:25:27 AM From: rrufff Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 120 This paper by a Fordham U prof is probably not something for the public but it states the case well. Some of the highlights are the history of short selling, some background of Reg SHO. footnote 8 was of interest 8 Placing false notices on electronic bulletin boards in Internet chat rooms is an example of the type of manipulative behavior that is difficult for regulators to monitor. 8 and employing trading strategies that impede the price formation process, such as naked shorting, wash sales, matched trades, and painting the tape, all of which inject misleading trading information into the market, to move market prices in the direction that benefits the manipulator. Illegal short selling, such as naked shorting, can distort market prices by creating artificial supply-demand imbalances (Thel, 1994). Consequently, the securities laws in the United States proscribe various restrictions on short selling that are designed to constrain it so that it can not be misused to manipulate stock prices below the true asset value (Thel, 1994, SEC, 2003b, 2004). SHORT SELLING, DEATH SPIRAL CONVERTIBLES, AND THE PROFITABILITY OF STOCK MANIPULATION John D. Finnerty Professor of Finance, Fordham University March 2005 Abstract The SEC recently adopted Regulation SHO to tighten restrictions on short selling and curb abusive short sales, including naked shorting masquerading as routine fails to deliver. This paper models market equilibrium when short selling is permitted and contrasts the equilibrium with and without manipulators among the short sellers. I explain how naked short selling can routinely occur within the securities clearing system in the United States and characterize its potentially severe market impact. I show how a recent securities innovation called floating-price convertible securities can resolve the unraveling problem and enable manipulative short selling to intensify. The rest of the article is here: ncans.net