To: energyplay who wrote (64333 ) 5/27/2005 3:52:45 AM From: Snowshoe Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 74559 Quakers were in the forefront of the anti-opium movement...Opium and the British Indian Empire drugpolicy.org As Indian opium traffic soared, the volume of criticism directed at it grew-especially in Britain. Reformers, headed by evangelicals and Quakers, organized, petitioned and put Parliamentary resolutions aimed at stopping the trade. Throughout the nineteenth century evangelicals and Quakers were disturbed by the moral implications of Indian opium. They were unhappy about forcing the Qing Emperors to accept a product that they regarded as harmful to their people. They saw opium as an obstacle to the work of Christian missionaries in China. They were doubtful about the Government of India's role as official monopolist in the Bengal system and its heavy reliance upon opium revenues. They thought that Indian officials encouraged opium eating in India to increase excise revenues-a view fostered by British and American missionaries laboring to make converts there. In 1874, a group of Quaker reformers in London formed the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, which proved to be an effective pressure group. Periodically the Society submitted memorials protesting the trade to Her Majesty's Government. Between 1875 and 1890 anti-opium Members of Parliament introduced five society-inspired resolutions calling for the abolition of the opium trade and its prohibition in India into the House of Commons. All were soundly defeated. Slowly, however, the campaign of the Society started to take effect. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Unitarians, Quakers and other dissenting churches enthusiastically adopted this cause. Parishes and convocations held meetings and submitted numerous mass petitions in support of the anti-opiumists. Finally, in 1891 the Society won a momentous victory-an anti-opium measure actually won a majority in the House of Commons. The measure condemned the Indian government's reliance on revenues gained from selling opium to the Chinese as "morally indefensible".