To: Clappy who wrote (47520 ) 10/15/2005 9:46:41 AM From: Crocodile Read Replies (2) | Respond to of 104155 Clapper~He believed that all of the answers to are problems lies in nature. that's pretty much how i see things. (i'm a big Leonardo fan too, btw.) doing as much macro photography as i do, i see the patterns and structures in many things... various mollusc shells, sphagnum moss spires, etc... and i'm also very interested in water flow and have shot a lot of DV footage of interesting waves, eddies, and so on... lots of those patterns are repeatedly found in nature, and have been used by architects and engineers through the centuries. a couple of years ago, i was reading quite a bit on anything relating to the relationship between science and nature. unfortunately, i didn't keep a book list -- very bad move, as i have a very bad memory for titles and names of authors. (there are quite a few books that cover this topic quite well. if i happen to think of the titles, i'll post them). however, a couple of days ago, i came across an old email which i sent to a friend who likes to design things and is very into nature. you might find this excerpt kind of fun: just been reading a book of essays by David Quammen and there is a chapter on kayaking that discusses the vortex... fluid dynamics,... etc... There's this one part about Leonardo... and how he was fascinated by water... fluid dynamics, and watched whirlpools, waves, currents, and experimented with dropping things like seeds onto the surface of water to watch fluid dynamics... And he drew many diagrams of his observations. Also, he was the first person... at least first known person to realize that our heart valves are closed by vortex formations in the blood that pumps through them.... Neat, huh? i checked, and am quite sure i wrote the above about one of Quammen's essays in "Wild Thoughts from Wild Places" if you haven't read it, you might enjoy it. ~croc