To: Peter Dierks who wrote (1937 ) 10/25/2005 6:55:38 PM From: TimF Read Replies (2) | Respond to of 71588 The three enumerated powers are: Provide for a common defense. Provide a unified foreign policy. Provide a common currency. Also "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." and taxation / raising revenue "All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills." "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration." and enforcing the provisions of amendments 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, and 26. "The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation" and to "To borrow money on the credit of the United States" and "To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States" and "To establish post offices and post roads; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; and "To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;" and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." That would still be very limited, but of course certain points get treated very liberally/broadly, probably to broadly. "necessary and proper", "promote the general welfare" and ""To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.", sometimes can interpreted so broadly as to collectively make a "congress can do almost anything it wants" clause.