To: one_less who wrote (5631 ) 3/2/2007 12:11:12 PM From: Pogeu Mahone Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 20106 This is typical of the times, Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia comes to mind. But why is this still happening today? ================== Muhammad spent his last ten years, from 622 to 632, as the leader of a Muslim community in Medina that was engaged in a state of war with the Meccans. Muhammad and the emigrees, known as the Muhajir, had earlier fled Mecca for Medina in what is known as the Hijra. Through raids, sieges, and diplomacy, he and his followers allied with or subdued most of the tribes and cities of the Arabian peninsula in their struggle with the powerful Banu Quraish of Mecca. They also sent out raiding parties against Arabic-speaking communities under Byzantine rulership. Muhammad was believed by the Muslims to be divinely chosen to spread the religion of God and warfare was one aspect of this struggle for the truth was clarified in its ultimate form.[1] After initially refusing to accede to requests by his followers to fight the Meccans for what was viewed as continued provocation,[2] he eventually proclaimed the revelations of the Quran: "Permission to fight is given to those who are fought against because they have been wronged -truly Allah has the power to come to their support- those who were expelled from their homes without any right, merely for saying, 'Our Lord is Allah'..." (Qur'an, 22:39-40)" granting permission to fight. After the first battle of Badr against the Quraysh, he is reported as having said "We have returned from the lesser Jihad to the greater Jihad (i.e. the struggle against the evil of one's soul)."[3] John Esposito writes that Muhammad's use of warfare in general was alien neither to Arab custom nor to that of the Hebrew prophets, as both believed that God had sanctioned battle with the enemies of the Lord.[4] Campaigns of Muhammad Badr – Banu Qaynuqa – Uhud – Banu Nadir – The Trench – Banu Qurayza – Hudaybiyyah – Khaybar – Mu'tah – Mecca – Hunayn – Autas – Ta'if – Tabouk