The Natives are restless...
Trouble in Hedgistan: “It’s Gonna Get a Lot Worse”
by Mike Whitney / July 24th, 2007
Two columns of black smoke can still be seen rising over the New York skyline.
Terrorism?
Not quite. The plumes of smoke are all that’s left of two major hedge funds which blew up just weeks ago leaving nothing behind but a few smoldering embers and a mound of black soot.
The compiled assets of the Bear Sterns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Fund — nearly $20 billion — have vanished into the miasma of cyberspace soon be joined by $1.4 trillion of other, equally worthless, Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO).
If you look closely, you’ll see the mangled bodies of the CDOs, the CDSs (Credit Default Swaps), the RMBS (Residential Mortgage Backed Securities) and the other shaky debt-instruments being pulled from the wreckage and tossed on the bonfire.
Is this how it all ends? Will the sudden spike in sub-prime defaults send all the funds in “Hedgistan” crashing to earth?
No one knows . . . yet.
According to Bloomberg News, Bear Sterns announced last week that there’s “little value left” in one of its funds and “no value left” in the other.
Nothing, nada, zippo.
The news has left Wall Street in a state of shock.
What does it all mean?
Does that mean that the entire hedge fund Empire — which is built on a foundation of dodgy loans and quicksand — may be headed for the crapper?
We don’t know. But a cloud has settled-in over downtown Manhattan where gloomy-looking men in pinstriped suits are waiting for the other shoe to drop.
The hedge fund industry is based on the bizarre notion that one does not have to produce anything of value to make boatloads of money. You don’t even need assets any more — just a risky sub-prime loan that can be transformed into an investment grade security (CDO) through the magic of “securitization” a sprinkling of Wall Street snake oil. Abrah Kadabra — presto-chango!
It’s like wrapping up broken bottle-glass and selling it as the Hope Diamond. Until Bear went under, no one noticed. But now that these toxic CDOs are going to auction, no one is bidding for them. That’s a bad thing.
“No bids” means that $1.4 trillion in investments have no discernable market value. The CDOs were graded “mark to model” which translates into “mark to fantasy”. It means that the investment bankers and hedge fund managers simply got together over Martinis one night and pulled a number out of a hat.
Now no one wants to buy them. They’re worthless.
And that’s just half the story. There’s trillions of dollars in derivatives riding on these shaky CDOs. That’s enough to bring down the whole market if interest rates rise or liquidity dries up.
This illustrates an important point, though. It shows what it takes to be a good hedge fund manager: Take a shabby sub-prime mortgage; chop it into “investment”, “mezzanine” and “equity” tranches. Bundle it with other equally suspect mortgage backed securities (MBS). Decide (arbitrarily) what the CDOs are worth Tell your banker. Leverage at a ratio of 10 o 1. Take 2% “off the top” plus salary for your efforts. Buy a summer home in the Hampton’s and a Lexus for the wife. Wait for the crash. Then repeat.
Congratulations; you are now a successful hedge fund manager!
Oh yeah; and don’t forget to prepare a few soothing words for the investors who just lost their life savings and will now be spending their evenings squatting beneath a nearby freeway off-ramp.
“We’re so very sorry, Mrs. Jones. Can we get you some cardboard-bedding to keep off the rain?”
The problems that are appearing in the stock and bond markets all started at the Federal Reserve when Fed-Chief Alan Greenspan opened the sluice-gates in 2003 and lowered interest rates to 1%. (Way below the rate of inflation) Since then, trillions of dollars have flooded into the markets creating multiple equity bubbles in real estate, stocks and credit.
Serial bubble-maker Greenspan is to finance-capitalism what Wrigley is to chewing gum. The greatest flim-flam man of all time.
The Fed has tried to conceal the massive increase to the money supply, but the evidence is everywhere. (Many analysts now calculate that inflation is running at roughly 13%) Food and energy have skyrocketed. Housing prices have soared. Everything has gone up except the cheapo imports, which the Fed uses to manipulate the inflation statistics.
The gigantic housing bubble is mostly Greenspan’s doing. After printing-up mountains of cash and creating artificial demand through low interest rates; he promoted his product-line with the typical huckster sales-pitch. “Maestro” advised us that the extension of loans to all-God’s creatures, creditworthy or not, is a good thing.
Here’s a clip of Dear Alan praising sub-prime lending in a speech on April 8, 2005:
With these advances in technology, lenders have taken advantage of credit-scoring models and other techniques for efficiently extending credit to a broader spectrum of consumers . . . . As we reflect on the evolution of consumer credit in the United States, we must conclude that innovation and structural change in the financial services industry have been critical in providing expanded access to credit for the vast majority of consumers, including those of limited means. . . . This fact underscores the importance of our roles as policymakers, researchers, bankers and consumer advocates in fostering constructive innovation that is both responsive to market demand and beneficial to consumers.
Yes, of course, with all these “advances in technology” and new-fangled “credit-scoring models” why would we need to verify a loan-applicant’s income or require that he scrape together a measly $5,000 for a $450,000 mortgage?
That’s all so 20th Century!
Now that foreclosures are mushrooming at an unprecedented rate, the Fed is trying to distance itself from the problem by blaming the banks for their shoddy underwriting practices. But the guilt lies with the Central Bank. Its all part of their whacko plan to crush the dollar and create a police state.
It may be trite, but “inflation is theft.” Unfortunately, inflation is also part of the ruling class’ strategy to rob the poor, fuel the stock market with cheap credit, and move jobs overseas. It is the autocrat’s method of “social engineering”– shifting wealth from one class to another by simply printing more money and pumping it through the system via low interest rates. Bankers know that people will ALWAYS borrow money if the money is cheap enough. At 1%, the Fed was basically losing money on every transaction, but persisted anyway.
The effects of the Fed’s low interest rates can be seen everywhere. Consumer credit rose last month by a whopping 12.9% — credit card debt by 9.8%! Since housing prices have flattened out, homeowners are no longer able to tap into their dwindling equity (Mortgage Equity Withdrawal; MEWs) so they’ve switched over to plastic even though rates are sky-high.(18%)
But the real damage is showing up in the sub-prime market where the number of defaults continues to soar. (Check out this mortgage delinquency map)
A correction in real estate is not really enough to bring down the whole economy. Unfortunately, the contagion from the sub-prime meltdown has spread to the stock market, the insurance industry, and the major investment banks. Everyone on Wall Street is now concerned that we may be seeing the beginning of a global credit crunch. Not even Fed-master Ben Bernanke is claiming that the sub-prime problems are “contained” anymore. In fact, just last week, Bernanke admitted to Senators on the Hill that the housing market has “deteriorated significantly.”
It’s about time. If anyone still has any doubts about the troubles in housing, they should look over these graphs which tell the whole story.
The collapse of the Bear Sterns hedge funds indicates that the problems in the sub-prime market have crossed over to the bond market and are likely to inflict major damage. This could have been avoided with proper government regulation.
In our new deregulated environment, the banks don’t have to rely on savings anymore to make the loans. They simply originate the loans, take their commission, and sell the debt as CDOs. They’re even allowed to sell the risk of default through credit default swaps (CDS), which are a form of insurance that minimizes the banks exposure. These weird innovations have spawned riskier and riskier loans and increased the likelihood of damage to the broader market.
Economics correspondent, Stephen Long, explains it like this:
The problem that arises from the sub-prime mortgage collapse is that it creates a toxic cycle of debt. Banks originate loans or bundle up loans that mortgage companies have made and sell the risk on to the hedge funds. Then the hedge funds say, ‘Hey, we’ve got this product that has an investment grade rating so we’ll borrow against it from the banks.’ (often times leveraged at a ratio of 10 to 1) Now the hedge funds are trying to buy the original loans to stop them from going into default. (The hedge funds are forced to slow the rate of foreclosures so they won’t go bankrupt.)
So, what happens when these shaky CDOs are “downgraded”?
Will the hedge funds fall like dominos just like the sub-prime mortgage-lenders? Will we see liquidity evaporate in the broader market triggering a plunge in the stocks and a massive sell-off in the bond market?
CDOs were conjured up with the idea that vast amounts of money could be made on very meager assets through a complex expansion of leverage. They were promoted as “limiting risk” by spreading it to a greater number of investors and providing extra protection through derivatives. Mortgage Backed Securities were sliced and diced into “more risky” and “less risky” tranches depending on investor appetite. Only now — to everyone’s surprise — “collateralized debt obligations with stellar Triple-A ratings have been getting hit by the sub-prime market’s woes.” (Wall Street Journal, “Bernanke revises sub-prime outlook”) On top of that, the ABX derivative index “has started showing pronounced weakness at the top of its ratings structure.” (ibid WSJ, 7-19-07)
In other words, even the VERY BEST of these multi-trillion dollar investments are beginning to falter. The contagion is spreading through the entire market. The CDOs are worthless. No one wants them. In fact, the whole new regime of exotic debt-instruments that emerged from 2000-on, is barely hanging on by a thread. One minor downturn in the stock market and the hedge funds will go freefalling through open space.
A speech by Robert Rodriguez of First Pacific Advisors (CFA) gives us a good idea of the enormity of the money involved in these investments. In his “Absence of Fear” address in Chicago on June 28, 2007 he states:
“Since 2000 hedge funds have more than doubled in number, while their assets have tripled. They too are using elevated levels of leverage, as are PE (Private Equity) firms and investors in highly leveraged fixed income securities. These funds are heavy users of derivatives. The Global derivatives market grew nearly 40% in 2006 — the fastest pace in the last nine years — to $415 trillion, per the Bank of International Settlements. The amount of contracts based on bonds more than doubled to $29 trillion. The actual money at risk through credit derivatives increased 93% to $470 billion, while that amount for the entire derivatives market was $9.7 trillion. The International Monetary Fund, in its April 2006 Global Financial Stability Report, estimated that credit-oriented hedge fund assets grew to more than $300 billion in 2005, a six-fold increase in five years. When levered at 5-6x, this represents $1.5 to $1.8 trillion deployed into the credit markets. Fitch, in their June 5, 2007 special report, “Hedge Funds: The Credit Market’s New Paradigm,” says that despite the upward trend in maximum allowable leverage, “notably, no prime broker reported raising margin requirements in response to historically tight credit spreads and growing concerns about the general level of risk-complacency in the credit markets.”
If Rodriguez’s “eye-popping” numbers are accurate and the market slumps a mere 5%, “the value of a hedge fund’s assets could lead to a forced sale of as much as 25% of its assets.” If the market falls just 10%, the fund would get a 50% haircut!
That just shows how over-exposed the industry really is.
As the requirements on mortgages gets tougher and the sub-prime market continues to languish; bankers will naturally become more hesitant to loan zillions of dollars to hedge funds and private equity firms. When credit gets tighter, the hedge funds will begin to nosedive, which will send the stock market in a long-term swoon. That’s what happens when a market is this over-leveraged. It’s unavoidable.
The markets are now perfectly poised for a full-system breakdown. FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair expects a CDO time bomb. She summed it up like this:
“It’s going to get worse before it gets better. How much worse, I don’t know.” |
