To: AuBug who wrote (124879 ) 7/23/2008 10:55:23 AM From: E. Charters Respond to of 313969 That would be my first guess. Two holes at once normal in both directions. 700 metres is a baby step out in coal. Usually you can go much further than that. I would step out 1K normal to the connection line and drill two holes at once halving my chances of missing. (Normal means at 90 degrees to the line you draw between the hit holes.) A few coal basins are margins of lakes or seas. In that respect they could be elongated but the widths are usually miles. If you look at the old maps of the coal measures of the US you see that they cover about 30% of the land mass of the Continental US. (See the bottom) It is usual to hit coal if you drill straight down. The trick is to find it thickened, unparted by mud/sand rock seams and close enough to surface if flat lying, or in repeated beds close enough together to surface mine if steeply dipping. Complications are salt diapirs, intrusions, folds, faults and erosion of both top and bottom paleo surfaces of the coal bed. When you get into the Mountainous regions folding and faulting so complicates the stuff it is like drilling in the Archean. GXS got extraordinarily lucky to find coal that close to surface near a rail line a road, and that grade of coal at today's prices. SK is famous for its lignite, but has not a single Bituminous deposit exploited. And of course we had a hand in it. Without SI, they would never have found it. I posted a jocular diagram about GXS running into a tail of a large deposit that was only a few tens of metres wide, showing how their initial regular grid probe holes would miss the deposit every time as the main mass would be further east. (They would also miss if in fact the deposit was one seam dipping south or north at even 15 degrees.) It was just meant as a joke, but in fact you can't tell much about a deposit by drilling in one dimension. That is all they have is one dimension right now. The second group of holes hit different rocks entirely. In fact the deposit does not have to have a regular shape. If it were formed in valleys that run east east (the erosional pattern of the Pasquia hills to the west makes valleys east west for instance and while later in geologic time it may have been imprinted on earlier similar features) -- then in that case the frequency of the buried valleys running that way could be very hard to discern. A nightmare hole pattern could hit every ridge exactly on, or another at some odd frequency could hit 1/2 the actual thickened valleys and the actual amount of thickened coal would be vastly underestimated. In fact swamps form in that way in some environments sometimes although sedimentary terranes do not usually have this kind of sharp hill and valley ridging, called basin and range. You have to remember that companies have just about gone belly up with fabulous Coal resources. Teck nearly floundered on a big coal mine until they got it straight as to the real structure a while back, and others running into billions of tons of metallurgical coal in Canada have also had a bad time in the past going into receivership. It ain't always easy. GXS looks easier than most if the thickness holds out. At 80 metres deep they need a fair bit of coal to make it work. I don't think 2 metres of coal will make it in the market. They have to make 10 dollars a ton or it is really hungry IMHO. North America has enough coal to supply their energy needs for 30,000 years. It would behoove us to find a use for this fuel such that it does not threaten the environment as it forms a useful solution to the energy-cost equation for some time to come. Perhaps the greens who want to bury coal are forcing us into solutions that are not tenable or perhaps not in the long run as environmentally friendly either. To imagine all nuclear reactors will remain safe for the next ten thousand years and not Chernobyl on us is to use a pretty dull imagination. Here are the problems we think we have to solve now vis a vis coal mining and its utilization energy. * release of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases, which are causing climate change and global warming according to the IPCC. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the air. * waste products including uranium, thorium, and other heavy metals * acid rain * interference with groundwater and water table levels * impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on other land-uses * dust nuisance * subsidence above tunnels, sometimes damaging infrastructure * rendering land unfit for other uses. * coal-fired power plants without effective fly ash capture are one of the largest sources of human-caused background radiation exposure. ****************************************** If should be noted that the world is running out of good Metallurgical coal rather quickly and for this reason people are going to PCI techniques which allow furnaces to use lower grade coal to make steel. I do know of an Anthracite deposit in the Arctic that is on surface and near tidewater. I don't know about its tonnage or quality but there is a fair chance that there may be grade in that area that has economic features for shipment to steel mills, as if all you have to do is surface dig and ship from near shore that is fairly cheap even in the Arctic. ************************************************Coal areas of the Continental US. Key