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Politics : The Exxon Free Environmental Thread -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: Sam who wrote (6623)	11/22/2010 11:44:44 PM
From: Asymmetric	2 Recommendations Respond to of 49139

Chinese Project Puts Cow Dung to Work A massive biogas facility will turn manure from dairy farms into electricity and fertilizer. By Kevin Bullis / Technology Review / Nov 22, 2010 technologyreview.com A rapidly growing industry in China—dairy farming—is also a major new source of greenhouse-gas emissions. But Huishan Dairy in northeast China is trying to change this by installing the world's largest system for generating electricity by collecting methane gas emitted by fermenting cow manure. The Chinese have not, historically, been big milk drinkers, but decreasing costs and aggressive marketing efforts have changed that. Huishan's new system will prevent methane—which is 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas—from reaching the atmosphere. It will also reduce waste and odors, and produce a valuable organic fertilizer that's safer than raw manure. The operation at Huishan is 10 times the size of the typical systems for generating electricity from cow manure. Its massive scale could help make the project more economical. GE, which is supplying the project's gas-powered generators, also hopes it will act as a showcase for the technology. Methane is not widely harnessed in farming worldwide, largely due to the initial costs, a lack of established economic models, and little government support. Huishan, one of the biggest dairies in the country, imports 3,000 cows from Australia every month to sustain its massive stock of 250,000 cows—about double the number of dairy cows in the entire state of Florida. Huishan's new electricity generating system will process the waste from 60,000 cows and produce 5.6 megawatts of power. It will generate enough electricity to meet the needs of 3,500 American-size households, which means it will service many more Chinese ones, which use far less energy. What was previously the largest system for generating electricity from manure produced two megawatts. Most such systems still produce only a few hundred kilowatts. Huishan will capture 20 million cubic meters of biogas (which is about 60 percent methane). Technology for capturing biogas and putting it to use has existed for a long time. In its simplest form, an enclosed digester allows the anaerobic organisms to break down manure and capture the methane produced. The gas is then siphoned off in a pipe for cooking or lighting. The Chinese government estimates that millions of small farms already have such primitive manure digesters. Generating electricity from biogas is more difficult because constituents of the gas, such as hydrogen sulfide, are particularly corrosive. It is possible to clean up the gas by removing the hydrogen sulfide by exposing it to iron oxide (a process called hydrodesulfurization). The biogas can then be burned to produce electricity in generators such as the GE Jenbacher engines that Huishan uses. These engines have been modified to burn at compression levels particularly suited to biogas, and they have special coatings that resist corrosion. Less than 1 percent of the dairies in the United States capture methane. Part of the challenge is scale. According to Don Wichert, director of renewable energy programs at Wisconsin Energy Conservation Corporation, producing electricity from biogas at a farm with about 100 cows costs twice as much as producing it at a farm with over 2,000 cows. Huishan is gathering manure from 20 farms located close together near Shenyang, China, to feed into massive digesters. Thomas Elsenbruch, marketing program manager for Jenbacher engines at GE, says larger systems can supply enough gas for a one-plus-megawatt engine. Such engines are more efficient than the 300- to 500-kilowatt systems used in many farms in Europe or the U.S. But many other barriers remain, including a lack of capital investment. There are also few detailed models of the economics of using biogas systems at farms of various sizes that also have different feeding methods and manure-management techniques, says Ann Wilkie, professor of environmental microbiology at the University of Florida. Regulations have also gotten in the way. In California, biogas generators funded since 2001 with government support were shut down last year because they produce too much nitrogen oxide (also called NOx). Another major barrier is a lack of education about the possibilities of biogas, Wilkie says. The new project could draw attention to a technology that is long-overdue for wide deployment, she says. "It shows this is not a phantom technology we have to wait for in the future," she says. "It's something we can do now to deal with existing waste, and garner renewable energy." Copyright MIT Technology Review 2010.

To: Sam who wrote (6623)	11/23/2010 11:01:43 AM
From: Wharf Rat	Read Replies (2) \| Respond to of 49139

Next climate warming report will be dramatically worse: UN – Mon Nov 22, 3:40 pm ET UNITED NATIONS (AFP) – United Nations leaders will demand "concrete results" from the looming Cancun climate summit as global warming is accelerating, a top UN organizer of the event said Monday. Robert Orr, UN under secretary general for planning, said the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on global warming will be much worse than the last one. Representatives from 194 countries are to meet in the Mexican resort city of Cancun from November 29 to December 10 for a new attempt to strike a deal to curb greenhouse gases after 2012. Orr told reporters that negotiators heading for the Cancun conference "need to remind themselves, the longer we delay, the more we will pay both in terms of lives and in terms of money." He said UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon would make it clear to world leaders in Cancun "that we should not take any comfort in the climate deniers' siren call." "The evidence shows us quite the opposite-- that we can't rest easy at all" as scientists agree that climate change "is happening in an accelerated way." "As preparations are underway for the next IPCC report, just about everything that you will see in the next report will be more dramatic than the last report, because that is where all the data is pointing." The fourth IPCC assessment released in 2007 said that global warming is "unequivocal" and mainly caused by human activity. Its next report, involving contributions from thousands of scientists around the world, is due in 2014. With many countries fearful of a repeat of last year's bitter Copenhagen summit failure, Orr said that progress is possible in Cancun. If governments "understand the peril that their populations are in, it is much easier to get over the political hurdles to do what you have to do," he said. The United Nations wants breakthroughs on verifying deforestation and financing to combat the lost of tropical forests. Efforts to speed up technology transfers to combat global warming and financing projects to slow the phenomenon could also be advanced, Orr said. Thirty billion dollars of emergency funding over three years was agreed at Copenhagen and a UN panel on how to raise 100 billion dollars a year from 2020 has already delivered its report. The panel recommended taxes on carbon emissions and international transport, including air tickets. Orr said no one should expect "the final deal" in Cancun. But he said: "The time has come for some decisions on issues and therefore we do want some concrete results." news.yahoo.com