To: Giordano Bruno who wrote (26451 ) 5/26/2012 3:41:10 PM From: 2MAR$ Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 69300 "There is Intelligent life on earth but we were just passing thru" ~author unknown Schopenhauer Thoughts Philosophy of the "Will" Schopenhauer in 1815, second of the critical five years of the initial composition of Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung . A key focus of Schopenhauer was his investigation of individual motivation. Before Schopenhauer, Hegel had popularized the concept of Zeitgeist , the idea that society consisted of a collective consciousness which moved in a distinct direction, dictating the actions of its members. Schopenhauer, a reader of both Kant and Hegel, criticized their logical optimism and the belief that individual morality could be determined by society and reason. Schopenhauer believed that humans were motivated by only their own basic desires, or Wille zum Leben (Will to Live), which directed all of mankind. [17] For Schopenhauer, human desire was futile, illogical, directionless, and, by extension, so was all human action in the world. To Schopenhauer, the Will is a metaphysical existence which controls not only the actions of individual, intelligent agents, but ultimately all observable phenomena. Will, for Schopenhauer, is what Kant called the " thing-in-itself ." Nietzsche was probably one of the biggest supporters of this idea of Will and embedded it in his philosophy. [ edit ] Art and aesthetics Main article: Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics For Schopenhauer, human desiring, "willing," and craving cause suffering or pain . A temporary way to escape this pain is through aesthetic contemplation (a method comparable to Zapffe 's "Sublimation "). Aesthetic contemplation allows one to escape, albeit temporarily, this pain because it stops one perceiving the world as mere presentation. Instead one no longer perceives the world as an object of perception (therefore as subject to the Principle of Sufficient Grounds; time, space and causality) from which one is separated; rather one becomes one with that perception:"one can thus no longer separate the perceiver from the perception " (The World as Will and Presentation , section 34). From this immersion with the world one no longer views oneself as an individual who suffers in the world due to one's individual will but rather becomes a "subject of cognition " to a perception that is, "Pure, will-less, timeless " (section 34) where the essence, "ideas", of the world are shown. Art is the practical consequence of this brief aesthetic contemplation as it attempts to depict one's immersion with the world, thus tries to depict the essence/pure ideas of the world. Music, for Schopenhauer, was the purest form of art because it was the one that depicted the will itself without it appearing as subject to the Principle of Sufficient Grounds, therefore as an individual object. According to Daniel Albright, "Schopenhauer thought that music was the only art that did not merely copy ideas, but actually embodied the will itself." [18]