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Politics : Evolution -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: Solon who wrote (38370)	6/30/2013 7:21:54 PM
From: 2MAR$	1 Recommendation Recommended By average joe Respond to of 69300

Paladins were knights of Charlemagne just the time when Europeans were hanging by a thread in the dark ages , becomes the first Roman Emperor again and a little light shines thru with his call for some return to classicism, scholarly reform especially his love of music . Called the Carolingan Renaissance setting the stage for new forms of literature, architecture from the romanesque gothic styles begin , music , drawing back to Hellenist & Eastern forms. en.wikipedia.org Earlier we owe a great debt to Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius 480-524ad Fortunately for all, St Boethius who had preserved much of the Greek writings and put to death for his troubles , an extremely unsung hero of all western civilization, from him we get the Boethius Wheel, that all history is a wheel en.wikipedia.org Lorenzo Valla described Boethius as the last of the Romans and the first of the scholastic philosophers. [5] Despite the use of his mathematical texts in the early universities, it is his final work, the Consolation of Philosophy, that assured his legacy in the Middle Ages and beyond. This work is cast as a dialogue between Boethius himself, at first bitter and despairing over his imprisonment, and the spirit of philosophy, depicted as a woman of wisdom and compassion. "Alternately composed in prose and verse, [47] the Consolation teaches acceptance of hardship in a spirit of philosophical detachment from misfortune". [58] Parts of the work are reminiscent of the Socratic method of Plato's dialogues, as the spirit of philosophy questions Boethius and challenges his emotional reactions to adversity. The work was translated into Old English by King Alfred, although Alfred's authorship of this Old English translation has recently been questioned, and into later English by Chaucer and Queen Elizabeth; [55] many manuscripts survive and it was extensively edited, translated and printed throughout Europe from the 14th century onwards. [59] Many commentaries on it were compiled and it has been one of the most influential books in European culture. No complete bibliography has ever been assembled but it would run into thousands of items. [58] "The Boethian Wheel" is a model for Boethius' belief that history is a wheel, [60] that Boethius uses frequently in the Consolation; it remained very popular throughout the Middle Ages, and is still often seen today. As the wheel turns those that have power and wealth will turn to dust; men may rise from poverty and hunger to greatness, while those who are great may fall with the turn of the wheel. It was represented in the Middle Ages in many relics of art depicting the rise and fall of man. Descriptions of "The Boethian Wheel" can be found in the literature of the Middle Ages from the Romance of the Rose to Chaucer. [61] **Veneration[ edit] Tomb of Boethius in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia. Boethius is recognized as a martyr for the Catholic faith by the Roman Martyrology. His cult is held in Pavia and in the Church of Santa Maria in Portico in Rome. His feast day is October 23. [62] He was declared a saint by the Sacred Congregation of Rites in 1883, and Pope Benedict XVI explains the relevance of Boethius to modern day Christians by linking his teachings to an understanding of Providence. [63] [64