To: Brumar89 who wrote (46089 ) 2/4/2014 8:02:06 PM From: 2MAR$ Read Replies (2) | Respond to of 69300 That's the explanation given for the failure of the fossil record to clearly show macro-evolution.... the usual creationist glomming onto terms & making pronounced repeted denials does nothing now to ever to change the massive accumulated landscape of the fossil reccord. Simplest answer is---> macro and micro~evolution describe fundamentally identical processes on different time scales . Repeat several times to yourself, the ring of elegant simple truth will sink in, but until then consider the following, there are 100's more examples, the theory of evolution is almost as rock solid as the theory of gravity or heliocentric solar system. "MANATEES Manatees have hipsockets! They also have rudimentary pelvises, elephant-like toenails, & flipper skeletons homologous to the forelimbs of 4-legged land mammals, including having 5 finger bones. Also, we found a fossil of a manatee ancestor (evident from its downturned jaw, solid ribs, & other characters) that had 4 full-size legs, & also a more-recent one that had 4 legs but with the back 2 reduced in size. CETACEANS Whale & dolphin embryos begin forming hind limbs! Plus they form a full coat of hair, just to lose it before birth. And they don’t form their blowholes directly: instead, they first form 2 nostrils just above the mouth – like 4-legged land mammals have – that then must migrate to the top of the head & fuse. In addition, whales and dolphins have forelimb skeletons that are homologous to those of 4-legged land mammals. Then there are the fossils of half a dozen species with transitional features. BIRDS Birds have some genes for making teeth! These are remnant genetic instructions, left over from their reptilian ancestors. So too are the genetic instructions that make bird embryos 1st form a long, bony tail - no birds have long bony tails, but reptiles do - just to have a good part of it resorbed & fused to form the avian pygostyle. Then there's the Hoatzin having claws on its front limbs right after hatching: birds don't have claws on their front limbs, but reptiles do. Then there's Archaeopteryx: a fossil "bird" (it had feathers, wings, & a furcula) that had a set of reptilian characters, such as teeth, claws on the front limbs, a long bony tail, & a neck that attaches to the back of the skull: no modern birds have those 4 characters, but modern reptiles do. We also have found fossils that show many extinct reptiles - dinosaurs - had feathers, ranging from extremely simple to complex. And reptiles & birds group together, at the exclusion of all other animals, because they express beta-keratins in the skin. And, the beta-keratin in the claws of the alligator (a reptile) & the beta-keratin of the feathers of birds have a core box that shows 80% sequence identity. In addition, for a long time, a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs was considered a character unique to birds: all birds had it & no animals other than birds did. But a recent study found that alligators also have unidirectional flow of air through the lung! Further, we have found fossils of extinct reptiles - dinosaurs - that show they had unidirectional flow of air through the lungs, with accessory air sacs, that protruded into partially hollowed-out bones. And the old problem about digit identity has been solved by embryonic studies, which showed that a shift in Hox gene expression transformed the digit identities. HUMANS Human embryos form a tail! Unlike the vast majority of vertebrates, humans don't have tails (& neither do chimps, bonobos, gorillas, or orangutans, our 4 closest living relatives!), yet we form one in embryonic development, just to have it largely resorbed & fused to form our coccyx. Human embryos also start off with the eyes on the side of the head, like the eyes of adult and embryonic fish; our eyes must migrate toward the front of the face to end up in the human-appropriate location. Human embryos also start off with a very fishlike arrangement of aortae & aortic arches, which then require much remodeling to arrive at an arrangement appropriate for humans. Also, human embryos form fishlike pharyngeal arches, & even pharyngeal slits transiently."