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To: Brumar89 who wrote (968376)	9/29/2016 9:37:23 AM
From: Brumar89	Respond to of 1573924

SE Asia CO2 Emissions Set To Double By 2040, As Fossil Fuel Use Continues To Rise. September 28, 2016 By Paul Homewood http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015_SouthEastAsia.pdf I made the point recently that it is not just China and India who will be expanding their use of fossil fuels in the next two decades. The same applies to many other Asian nations. Last year the IEA published its Southeast Asia Energy Outlook. This is the Overview: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015_SouthEastAsia.pdf Note just how little renewables contribute to rising energy demand. Excluding hydro and bio, it amounts to a mere 42 Mtoe extra a year by 2040 (compared to 2013). Yet fossil fuels are expected to jump by 401 Mtoe. (Note that bioenergy is mainly solid biomass used for household cooking, ie wood!) What is also striking is that fossil fuel consumption continues to rise well after 2030, as Figure 2.3 illustrates: There is a babyish belief that developing Asian countries will suddenly switch away from fossil fuels after 2030. As I have repeatedly pointed out, none of them are going to suddenly shut down power stations that are only a few years old, or, for that matter, return their people to a low energy future from which they have just escaped. All of this will have the expected effect on CO2 emissions, which will more than double by 2040: Figure 2.9 shows how expensive wind and solar power are, despite regular claims to the contrary. To put all these figures into perspective, we can compare them with the UK. Last year, fossil fuel consumption in the UK amounted to 156 Mtoe. The projections for SE Asia are for an increase of 401 Mtoe by 2040. In fact, the UK, France and Italy could all stop using fossil fuels completely and their saving would be totally cancelled out by the extra SE Asia would use. notalotofpeopleknowthat

To: Brumar89 who wrote (968376)	9/29/2016 10:30:49 AM
From: Wharf Rat	Respond to of 1573924

"To the contrary, the real experts, i.e. those who specialize in earth layers, see nothing there. The Anthropocene serves as a career promoter for scientists in outside fields.” Perhaps the author is looking in the wrong layers. A stratigraphical basis for the Anthropocene? Colin N. Waters 1, , Jan A. Zalasiewicz 2, Mark Williams 2, Michael A. Ellis 1 and Andrea M. Snelling 3 +Author Affiliations 1Environmental Science Centre, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK2Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE 1 7RH, UK3NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK ?Corresponding author (e-mail: cnw@bgs.ac.uk) Next Section Abstrac tRecognition of intimate feedback mechanisms linking changes across the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere and hydrosphere demonstrates the pervasive nature of humankind's influence, perhaps to the point that we have fashioned a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. To what extent will these changes be evident as long-lasting signatures in the geological record? To establish the Anthropocene as a formal chronostratigraphical unit it is necessary to consider a spectrum of indicators of anthropogenically induced environmental change, and to determine how these show as stratigraphic signals that can be used to characterize an Anthropocene unit and to recognize its base. It is important to consider these signals against a context of Holocene and earlier stratigraphic patterns. Here we review the parameters used by stratigraphers to identify chronostratigraphical units and how these could apply to the definition of the Anthropocene. The onset of the range of signatures is diachronous, although many show maximum signatures which post-date 1945, leading to the suggestion that this date may be a suitable age for the start of the Anthropocene. The ‘Anthropocene’ is in many respects a novel potential geological unit. Stratigraphy, which deals with the classification of geological time (geochronology) and material time-rock units (chronostratigraphy), has historically defined geological units based upon significant, but temporally distant, events. These events are typically, although not exclusively, associated with major changes in the fossil contents of rocks below and above a particular horizon, and therefore with the temporal distribution of life forms. It was only following such observations that new stratigraphical units were proposed and ultimately defined. For example, J. Phillips used the major mass extinction at the end of the Permian in 1840 to recognize the beginning of both the Triassic Period and of the Mesozoic Era. The ultimate definition of the base of the Triassic, however, was accomplished only in 2001, when the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) was taken at the base of a specific bed in a section in Meishan, China, coinciding with the lowest occurrence of the primary marker, the conodont Hindeodus parvus ( Yin et al. 2001). In contrast, the Anthropocene was proposed as a term ( Crutzen & Stoermer 2000) before any consideration of the nature of the signature of this new stratigraphical unit was given. For the first time in geological history, humanity has been able to observe and be part of the processes that potentially may signal such a change from the preceding to succeeding epoch. What are the key ‘events’ over the last decades to millennia that have the potential to leave a recognizable record in sediments/ice that could be used to define the base of the Anthropocene? The options cover a diverse range of geoscientific fields and need not be restricted to the biostratigraphical tools typically used throughout much of the geological column to define chronostratigraphical units. Potential stratigraphical tools and techniques that may be used to define the base of the Anthropocene include the following (Fig. 1): Appearance and increased abundance of anthropogenic deposits: artificial anthropogenic deposits; anthropogenic soils (anthrosols); novel minerals and mineraloids; anthropogenic subsurface structures (‘trace fossils’); anthropogenic modification of terrestrial and marine sedimentary systems. Biotic turnover: megafauna; reef ecosystems; microflora; microfauna. Geochemical: evidence preserved in the cryosphere; records in speleothems; organic and inorganic contributions to sediments. Climate change: ocean geochemistry; oceanic biodiversity; continental to ocean sediment flux; sea-level change. Catastrophic events: radiogenic spikes from nuclear bomb tests/accidents; volcanic eruption; meteorite/asteroid (bolide) impact. sp.lyellcollection.org