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To: scion who wrote (12516)	1/24/2021 1:32:43 PM
From: scion	Respond to of 12881

Marine Litter Vital Graphics ec.europa.eu Foreword Every year, the sum of humanity’s knowledge increases exponentially. And as we learn more, we also learn there is much we still don’t know. Plastic litter in our oceans is one area where we need to learn more, and we need to learn it quickly. That’s one of the main messages in Marine Litter Vital Graphics. Another important message is that we already know enough to take action. --- What is marine litter and why it is of concern Just as human activities are varied and widespread, so are the sources of litter. The sources may be located directly at sea, on the coast or further inland. Litter can be transported over long distances and into all marine habitats – from the surf zone all the way to remote mid-oceanic gyres and the deep sea floor. Like other pollutants, marine litter affects habitats, ecological function and the health of organisms of the ecosystems where it accumulates. *The terms litter and debris are considered to have the same meaning in this report and are used interchangeably throughout. Any human-made object that does not naturally degrade within days or months can potentially become marine litter if it is not properly managed. Common litter items are made of paper, wood, textiles, metal, glass, ceramics, rubber and plastic discarded by humans (UNEP, 2005). DEFINITIONS 5 Foreword 6 What is marine litter and why it is of concern 10 Modern times, marine litter 14 Ecological impacts of marine plastic debris and microplastics 18 Economic and social costs of marine plastic pollution 20 Plastic in the food chain – a threat to human health? 22 We all contribute to this problem. Yes, all 34 Final destination: The Ocean… 37 My litter your problem, your litter my problem 40 Out of sight, out of mind? 42 What are the policy responses to the problem? 46 Better (and cheaper) to be tidy than to have to tidy up 50 Big questions that remain unanswered 52 Conclusions 54 References ec.europa.eu

To: scion who wrote (12516)	1/26/2021 3:10:54 PM
From: scion	Respond to of 12881

New technology to track and remove ghost nets which are killing fish Expensive fishing nets and equipment can get lost at sea during storms but researchers have found a way to find them By Tom Wilkinson, PAAmardeep Bassey 12:38, 30 APR 2019UPDATED12:40, 30 APR 2019 grimsbytelegraph.co.uk New technology could be used to protect marine life from pollution by locating and retrieving lost nets and fishing gear which can drift around the oceans for years. Known as “ghost nets”, they are a major threat to sea life, choking coral reefs, damaging habitats, trapping fish, birds and mammals, as well as getting tangled on propellers. The nets, often lost during storms and sent adrift for long distances on currents, are also a source of pollution as they slowly break up, adding to the volume of micro-plastics in our seas. Researchers from Newcastle University say the NetTag project could help by attaching low-cost location devices to fishing gear to help retrieve it if it goes adrift, as can often happen during storms. The match box-sized transponders, which could cost as little as £100 to locate nets worth many thousands, could be a “win-win” for fishermen and the environment, the developers believe. As well as being low-cost, another key parts of the breakthrough is that the technology will have very low power consumption, meaning its battery could last for months in the water. And unlike the “black box” transponders used in aeroplanes, the new technology will only reply with a low volume “ping” when it picks up a tracking signal within its range, meaning sealife will not be constantly disturbed by the devices. Once located, fishermen could try to recover the nets themselves, or the fisheries authorities could be brought in to use underwater robotic technology to collect the marine litter in hard-to-reach places. They could also be used by divers to tag litter they see in the ocean, so it can be retrieved later. Jeff Neasham, senior lecturer in the School of Engineering, said: “We want to achieve a win-win scenario where modest investment by fishermen can be more than paid back, by avoiding the loss of valuable assets, while also significantly reducing a major source of plastic pollution in the marine environment.” Mr Neasham added: “These devices don’t sit there and transmit continuously, making a racket all the time; they sit and listen and they only talk if a unit on the surfaces accesses them to talk. “We are not creating a big environmental problem with noise emissions." grimsbytelegraph.co.uk