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To: FJB who wrote (412248)	1/15/2024 12:01:29 AM
From: didjuneau	Read Replies (3) \| Respond to of 455132

Very interesting. Second time today I've seen mention of Nickel in a nuclear reaction. The Chinese company in focus is "Betavolt," It recently announced it had created an "atomic energy battery that mainly uses nickel-63 as the energy source and diamond semiconductor as the energy converter." Message 34536997 brillouinenergy.com EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The tubes consist of a substrate, which in some configurations includes a heater and thermocouple, with several spray-coated layers. Generally, these coatings alternate between a hydrogen-absorbing metal and an insulating ceramic. One example is shown in Figure 1. Other designs may have more or less layers. All of the layers are porous, allowing the gas(es) in the reactor chamber access to all coatings. In some experiments, there is a heater and thermocouple in the center of the tube. In other runs the heater is inserted into or attached to the inner block, as explained below. The power to the heater is measured directly from the voltage and current supplied by the direct current (DC) power supply. Several different types of IPB tube/reactor systems were used during this project. In the early experiments we used stainless steel tubes with a coat of alumina sprayed on top before being coated with the Ni/Al2O3/Ni “sandwich”. Then tubes built up on top of a cartridge heater with a built-in thermocouple. In the latest design, the inner block thermocouples were imbedded in the middle of the block. With this design, essentially all of the heater power was imparted into the tube. Later the tube heater system was replaced with two band heaters wrapped around the outside of the inner block, directly over the center six inches of the tube. In this design, one inner block thermocouple was held directly under one band heater while the other was strapped to the outside of the block toward an axial end of the block. In this latter design, only a fraction of the heater power is imparted into the tube since a significant fraction is lost to the cooling fluid. Figure 1. Example of Brillouin’s fourth generation Hydrogen Hot Tube Tubes A photograph of the reactor/calorimeter system is shown in Figure 2. The system is contained in an acrylic container filled with argon gas, which serves several functions. The first function is to minimize the probability of a hydrogen-oxygen reaction from any H2 that might leak from the system. The second function is to keep the inside of the reactor from oxidizing. The third function is to control the conduction of heat between the sections of the calorimeter. A schematic diagram of the reactor/calorimeter system is shown in Figure 3.