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Biotech / Medical : Ligand (LGND) Breakout! -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?


To: Flagrante Delictu who wrote (15422)2/20/1998 1:59:00 AM
From: Brian Moore  Respond to of 32384
 
"Amost complete lack of knowledge about Ligand"? Yes, I don't know much about the company or its products.

You go to lengths to point that out. You know what? There is nothing at all wrong with not knowing a great deal about Ligand.

"Learned that I will ask for explanations about things I could have dug up on my own"? I guess so, sometimes. I figure there's always a group of new people reading, so asking a few basic questions isn't so terrible. This isn't an "experts only" forum. Lots of people benefit from hearing a few basic questions answered.

"We also have learned about you from your posts, having asked for an explanation of things you could have easily enough dug up on your own." Ooooo. What is that, some kind of sin? I guess this is some kind of "experts only" forum, huh? No beginners questions allowed, for fear of public ridicule by Bernie? Where do you come off trying to intimidate me like this?

And yes, I have posted a few challenging questions. Henry answered, providing additional information that, at least to me, is helpful. What's wrong with testing someone's idea, posing an alternate interpretation? Nothing. I don't think I've been rude or called anybody any names.

Interestingly, I've gotten several private messages of encouragement from people I've never heard of. They say some people on this thread have a great deal of knowledge, but they sometimes get a little carried away, and they sometimes are a little brittle if anyone dares challenge a point of view. They like the idea that someone asked one or two challenging questions.

Here's the deal. I have learned a lot from my questions. If Henry doesn't feel comfortable with them, I hereby state that if he sends me a private message asking me to hold off, I'll stop. No hard feelings. He's busy. If he says he doesn't have time for my questions right now, that's perfectly fine with me.



To: Flagrante Delictu who wrote (15422)2/20/1998 10:26:00 AM
From: Andrew H  Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 32384
 
>>You had to bite the hand that fed you that information. It will be interesting to see what else you will reveal to us on this thread. Good luck to you.<<

Bernie, I think its a good sign that our barnyard is growing. A contrary indicator as more and more people become aware of LGND.



To: Flagrante Delictu who wrote (15422)2/20/1998 2:41:00 PM
From: Henry Niman  Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 32384
 
Speaking of Ligand's future, here's an interesting patent that issued earlier this month (Jim Darnell is a LGND consultant and in 1992 LGND licensed the STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) technology from the Rockefeller):

United States Patent
5,716,622
Darnell, Jr., et. al.
Feb. 10, 1998

Functionally active regions of signal transducer and activators of transcription
Inventors:
Darnell, Jr.; James E. (Larchmont, NY); Wen; Zilong (New York, NY);
Horvath; Curt M. (New York, NY); Zhong; Zhong (New York, NY).
Assignee:
The Rockefeller University (New York, NY).
Appl. No.:
369,796
Filed:
Jan. 6, 1995

Intl. Cl. :
A61K 39/385, C07K 14/715, C07K 17/02
Current U.S. Cl.:
424/185.1; 424/193.1; 530/350; 530/403
Field of Search:
530/350, 403; 424/185.1, 193.1

References Cited | [Referenced By]

Foreign Patent Documents
WO 93/19179
Sept., 1993
WO

Other References

Darnell et al., 1994, Science 264:1415-1421.

Improta et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4776-80.

Shuai et al., 1994, Cell 76:821-28.

Zhong et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4806-4810.

Zhong et al., 1994, Science 264:95-98.

Eck et al., 1993, Nature 362:87-91.

Felder et al., 1993, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1449-55.

Khan et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6806-10.

Muller et al., 1993, EMBO J. 12:4221-28.

Muller et al., 1993, Nature 366:129-35.

Pearse et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:4314-18.

Sadowski et al., 1993, Nature 362:79-83.

Sadowski et al., 1993, Science 261:1739-44.

Shuai et al., 1993, Nature 366:580-83.

Shuai et al., 1993, Science 261:1744-46.

Songyang et al., 1993, Cell 72:767-78.

Watling et al., 1993, Nature 366:166-70.

Wegenka et al., 1993, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:276-88.

Schindler et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7836-39.

Schindler et al., 1992, Science 257:809-13.

Decker et al., 1991, EMBO J. 10:927-32.

Lew et al., 1991, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:182-91.

Fu et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8555-59.

Wagner et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9:4477-84.

Primary Examiner: Chan; Christina
Assistant Examiner: VanderVegt; F. Pierre
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Klauber & Jackson

Abstract

The present invention relates generally to intracellular receptor recognition proteins or factors,
termed Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT), to methods and compositions
utilizing such factors, and to the antibodies reactive toward them, in assays and for diagnosing,
preventing and/or treating cellular debilitation, derangement or dysfunction. More particularly, the
present invention relates to particular functional domains of molecules that exhibit both receptor
recognition and message delivery via DNA binding in receptor-ligand specific manner, i.e., that
directly participate both in the interaction with the ligand-bound receptor at the cell surface and in
the activity of transcription in the nucleus as a DNA binding protein. The invention likewise relates to
the antibodies and other entities that are specific to the functional domain of a STAT protein and that
would thereby selectively modulate its activity.

16 Claims, 31 Drawing Figures

The research leading to the present invention was supported by National Institute of Health Grant
Nos. AI34420 and AI32489. Accordingly, the Government may have certain rights in the invention.



To: Flagrante Delictu who wrote (15422)2/20/1998 2:49:00 PM
From: Henry Niman  Respond to of 32384
 
Here's the 1992 press release (STATs were called RAFTs back then):

LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS LICENSES GENETIC TECHNOLOGY FROM ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY SAN DIEGO (OCT. 8) BUSINESS WIRE - Ligand Pharmaceuticals has licensed a novel transcription factor technology from Rockefeller University which the company believes will be important in its research efforts to discover drugs to control cellular gene expression, according to David E. Robinson, Ligand's president and chief executive officer.

The agreement gives Ligand exclusive worldwide rights to any patents and other proprietary rights covering the technology discovered by James Darnell, M.D., at Rockefeller University, and his colleague David Levy, Ph.D., now at New York University.

Darnell, a member of the National Academy of Science, has been a key figure in explaining how cells control gene expression. He serves as a member of Ligand's scientific advisory board and as an exclusive consultant to the company.

Darnell and Levy have discovered, cloned and characterized the first members of a novel transcription factor superfamily. These related proteins transmit signals from interferon receptors on the cell surface to the cell nucleus, bringing about specific changes in the pattern of gene activity in the cell and therefore in how the cell functions.

These new receptor-activated factors of transcription (RAFTs) were recently described in Science (Volume 257, Aug. 7, 1992).

The licensed technology affords the potential to develop small organic molecules which can be administered orally to mimic or block the actions of the polypeptides interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma. Possible therapeutic applications for such drugs include cancer, inflammation and various infectious diseases.

Robert B. Stein, M.D., Ph.D., Ligand's vice president of research and preclinical development, said Darnell and Levy unraveled a central problem in biology -- explaining for the first time how interferons make cells resistant to viral infection and control cell growth.

Other polypeptide bioregulatory molecules, including cytokines, lymphokines, interleukins and various growth factors may also control gene expression through related members of the RAFT superfamily, he said.

Ligand's current drug discovery efforts focus on intracellular receptors (IRs), a superfamily of transcription factors activated by small organic hormones such as sex steroids, glucocorticoids and retinoids.

"The work of Drs. Darnell and Levy is widely acclaimed to be a scientific tour de force," Stein said.

"The RAFT technology is highly complementary to our core technology from both a technical and biological perspective. The IR and RAFT technologies provide Ligand significant, novel opportunities to discover drugs reprogramming gene expression using the body's intrinsic regulatory mechanisms to restore and maintain healthy cellular function."

According to Robinson, "This agreement with Rockefeller University, together with our core IR technology, gives Ligand an opportunity to establish a long-term technological leadership position in controlling cell behavior."

In addition to the agreement with Darnell and Rockefeller University, Ligand has strong ties to leaders in the control of gene expression at the Salk Institute and Baylor College of Medicine.

Ligand has also established collaborative drug discovery and development programs with Pfizer Inc. (osteoporosis) and Glaxo Inc. (cardiovascular disease), and has formed a joint venture with Allergan Inc. in the area of retinoids.

San Diego-based Ligand Pharmaceuticals, founded in 1987, is a privately held company at the forefront in discovering drugs acting on the intracellular receptors for non-protein hormones. Combining modern molecular and cell biology with traditional pharmaceutical approaches, Ligand seeks to discover non-peptide small molecule drugs for the treatment of human diseases, including cancer, gynecological disease, osteoporosis and atherosclerosis.

CONTACT: Daum Weigle, San Diego
Cindy Weigle or Jon Daum, 619/453-7700

Transmitted: 92-10-08 08:20:00 EDT