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interestingengineering.com
China secretly building world’s largest nuclear fusion laser, US satellite exposes
Satellite photos reveal a facility with four “arms” for lasers and a central bay for fusion experiments.
Aman Tripathi
Updated: Jan 29, 2025 08:02 AM EST
In a major development, satellite imagery analysis has revealed that China is developing a laser fusion research facility in Mianyang, a city in the southwestern region of the country.
The scale of this facility is about 50 percent bigger than the US National Ignition Facility (NIF), which is currently the world’s largest inertial confinement fusion facility.
According to experts, this development could have huge implications for both nuclear weapons research and clean energy production.
Satellite photos show four outlying “arms” that will house laser bays, and a central experiment bay that will hold a target chamber containing hydrogen isotopes the powerful lasers will fuse together, producing energy, said Decker Eveleth, a researcher at U.S.-based independent research organization CNA Corp, as reported by Reuters.
Using high-powered lasers for nuclear researchLaser fusion is also called inertial confinement fusion. It uses high-powered lasers to induce extreme heat and compression in a target containing hydrogen isotopes.
This process generates a micro-scale fusion reaction, which mimics the energy production of the sun and other stars. It is being considered a “holy grail” of clean and abundant energy.
Unlike traditional fossil fuels, it promises to offer a solution to rising global energy demands without any adverse environmental impact. Scientists have long been trying to successfully execute this process on the Earth.
Successful research at this facility could give a major boost to the energy sector.
Could better nuclear weaponsHowever, the latest development also has some potential military applications by providing valuable data. Such facilities could lead to the refinement of existing nuclear weapons designs and explorations of new ones without conducting actual nuclear tests.
This development is even more significant given the ban on actual nuclear tests under the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Such facilities could allow China to improve its nuclear weapons designs. For context, both China and the United States are signatories to this treaty.
Notably, this development coincides with previous observations of China’s expanding nuclear capabilities.
The new laser fusion facility appears to be located at the same site identified in 2020, when the US government released satellite imagery highlighting the growth of nuclear weapons support facilities in Mianyang.
Global fusion raceWhile there is no official statement on whether it is for clean energy or military purposes, the latest fusion research facility in China aligns with the increasing global interest in this technology and its potential.
Meanwhile, fusion research in China has made history. The country’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), which is also called ‘artificial sun’, has set a record in the fusion process. It has achieved the milestone of 1,006 seconds of operations for sustained plasma temperature above 180 million degrees Fahrenheit (100 million degrees Celsius).
However, China is not the only country that has been making strides. Recently, scientists at the US Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) created the world’s brightest X-ray source to advance fusion energy research.
reuters.com
Exclusive: Images show China building huge fusion research facility, analysts say
Gerry Doyle
January 28, 20259:06 PM GMT+9
Updated 2 days ago
A satellite photo shows a new large-scale laser fusion research center in Mianyang, China. Courtesy of Planet Labs Purchase Licensing Rights
SINGAPORE, Jan 28 (Reuters) - China appears to be building a large laser-ignited fusion research centre in the southwestern city of Mianyang, experts at two analytical organisations say, a development that could aid nuclear weapons design and work exploring power generation.
Satellite photos show four outlying "arms" that will house laser bays, and a central experiment bay that will hold a target chamber containing hydrogen isotopes the powerful lasers will fuse together, producing energy, said Decker Eveleth, a researcher at U.S.-based independent research organisation CNA Corp.
Satellite photos show a new large-scale laser fusion research center in Mianyang, China, which could impact both nuclear weapons development and clean energy research.It is a similar layout to the $3.5 billion U.S. National Ignition Facility (NIF) in Northern California, which in 2022 generated more energy from a fusion reaction than the lasers pumped into the target - "scientific breakeven".
Eveleth, who is working with analysts at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), estimates the experiment bay at the Chinese facility is about 50% bigger than the one at NIF, currently the world's largest.
The development has not been previously reported.
"Any country with an NIF-type facility can and probably will be increasing their confidence and improving existing weapons designs, and facilitating the design of future bomb designs without testing" the weapons themselves, said William Alberque, a nuclear policy analyst at the Henry L. Stimson Centre.
China's foreign ministry referred Reuters questions to the "competent authority". China's Science and Technology Ministry did not respond to a request for comment.
The U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence declined to comment.
In November 2020, U.S. arms control envoy Marshall Billingslea released satellite images he said showed China's buildup of nuclear weapons support facilities. It included images of Mianyang showing a cleared plot of land labeled "new research or production areas since 2010".
That plot is the site of the fusion research centre, called the Laser Fusion Major Device Laboratory, according to construction documents that Eveleth shared with Reuters.
Laser-induced fusion involves using high-powered lasers to compress and heat fuel to achieve nuclear fusion. The stages include heating, compression, ignition and energy release.
NUCLEAR TESTING
Igniting fusion fuel allows researchers to study how such reactions work and how they might one day create a clean power source using the universe's most plentiful resource, hydrogen. It also enables them to examine nuances of detonation that would otherwise require an explosive test.
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, of which both China and the United States are signatories, prohibits nuclear explosions in all environments.
Countries are allowed "subcritical" explosive tests, which do not create nuclear reactions. Laser fusion research, known as inertial confinement fusion, is also allowed.
Siegfried Hecker, a senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the former director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, another key U.S. nuclear weapons research facility, said that with testing banned, subcritical and laser fusion experiments were crucial to maintaining the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear arsenal.
But for countries that have not done many test detonations, he said - China has tested 45 nuclear weapons, compared with 1,054 for the United States - such experiments would be less valuable because they do not have a large data set as a base.
"I don't think it would make an enormous difference," Hecker said. "And so ... I'm not concerned about China getting ahead of us in terms of their nuclear facilities."
Other nuclear powers, such as France, the United Kingdom and Russia, also operate inertial confinement fusion facilities.
The size of those facilities reflects the amount of power designers estimate is needed to apply to the target to achieve ignition, said Omar Hurricane, chief scientist for the inertial confinement fusion programme at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which operates NIF.
"These days, I think you probably can build a facility that's of equal energy or even more energetic (than NIF) and a smaller footprint," Hurricane said. But, he added, at too small a scale, experimental fusion does not appear possible.
That other countries operate laser-driven fusion research centres is not a cause for alarm in itself, Hurricane said.
"It's kind of hard to stop scientific progress and hold information back," he said. "People can use science for different means and different ends, and that's a complicated question."
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Reporting by Gerry Doyle. Additional reporting by Liz Lee in Beijing and Jonathan Landay in Washington; Editing by Lincoln Feast. |
