To: teevee who wrote (37293 ) 12/3/2025 10:47:44 PM From: gg cox Read Replies (1) | Respond to There’s 11 variations doctor tee wee which variation have I encountered one, or all eleven?Toll-like receptors , a part of the human immune system that would otherwise identify the mRNA as unwelcome. This makes pseudouridine useful in mRNA vaccines , including the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines . This property of pseudouridine was discovered by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman in 2005, for which they shared the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . [21] [22] N1-Methylpseudouridine provides even less innate immune response than ?, as well as improving translation capacity. [23] Both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines therefore use N1-Methylpseudouridine rather than ?. [23] mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia (MLASA) and Dyskeratosis congenita. [10] Dyskeratosis congenita and Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome are two rare inherited syndromes caused by mutations in DKC1 , the gene encoding for the pseudouridine synthase dyskerin. Pseudouridines have been recognized as regulators of viral latency processes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. [20] Pseudouridylation has also been associated with the pathogenesis of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD). In particular, a point mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA seems to prevent the pseudouridylation of one nucleotide, thus altering the tRNA tertiary structure. This may lead to higher tRNA instability, causing deficiencies in mitochondrial translation and respiration . [20] . “
