To: nihil who wrote (30155 ) 2/6/1999 9:21:00 PM From: Father Terrence Respond to of 108807
Benjamin Franklin: The World's Most Famous Physical Oceanographer Most people often think of Benjamin Franklin as an inventor, a statesman, pornographer, publisher and one of the Founding Fathers of our country. He was also deputy postmaster general of the colonies from 1753–1774. What many people don't know about him is that he stands today as perhaps the most famous and well-known physical oceanographer — an oceanographer who studies physical phenomena in the ocean, including waves, tides, and currents. Franklin earned this distinction because he contributed greatly to the understanding of the Gulf Stream, a North Atlantic Ocean surface current, that influenced mail routes between the new colonies and England. Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns when he was perplexed by the fact that it took mail ships coming from Europe two weeks longer to reach New England by a northerly route than it did ships that came by a more southerly route. In about 1769 or 1770, Franklin happened to mention this dilemma to his cousin, a Nantucket sea captain named Timothy Folger. Folger told Franklin that there was a strong current with which the mail ships were not familiar that was impeding their journey because it flowed against their direction of movement. The whaling ships were familiar with the current because they often hunted whales along the boundaries of the current. The whalers often met the mail ships within the current and told the crew aboard the mail ships that they would make better progress if they were to avoid the current. However, the British captains of the mail ships thought themselves too wise to be counseled by simple American fishermen. The mail ships were not just making slow progress within the current; if the winds were light, the ships were actually carried backwards! Folger sketched the current on a map for Franklin, including directions for avoiding it when sailing from Europe to North America. With this knowledge, Franklin then asked other ship captains for information concerning the movement of surface waters in the North Atlantic Ocean. Franklin inferred that there was a significant current moving northward along the eastern coast of the United States. After passing along the coast, the current moved out in a easterly path across the North Atlantic. He concluded that this east-flowing current, which the ships traveling a northerly route from Europe had to combat, was responsible for increasing the time of their voyage. He subsequently published a map of the current in 1777 based on these observations (Figure 7A) and distributed it to the captains of the mail ships (who initially ignored the map). This strong current was named the "Gulf Stream" because it carried warm water from the Gulf of Mexico, and because it was narrow and well defined—similar to a stream, but in the ocean. More recently, a study of the Gulf Stream was conducted in 1969 by a vessel that was carried for a month while it was submerged within the Gulf Stream. During the vessel's 2,640 kilometer(1,650 mile) journey as a floating object within the Gulf Stream, the six scientists aboard observed and measured the properties of and catalogued life forms within the Gulf Stream. Appropriately enough, the vessel was named the Ben Franklin . FT