To: jlallen who wrote (75975 ) 3/24/2000 11:09:00 AM From: lorrie coey Read Replies (2) | Respond to of 108807
lalecheleague.org eatright.org "Thus, a true paradigm shift is needed... to make meaningful progress toward substantially longer breast-feeding for the majority of US infants. ************************************************************ The new paradigm will need to include more than statements from agencies, institutions, and individuals that breast-feeding is to be encouraged, with the unspoken message that human milk substitutes represent an acceptable alternative. Rather, it must entail a true expectation, which is reflected in health care and sociocultural practices , that breast-feeding an infant for at least 6 months, and preferably longer, is not only optimal but is the norm, and that use of human milk substitutes should be reserved only for a minority of infants and with specific indications. RATIONALE: BENEFITS OF BREAST-FEEDING The advantages of extended breast-feeding are indeed indisputable and include nutritional, immunological, and psychological benefits to both infant and mother, as well as economic benefits. Breast-feeding education efforts and clinical management must highlight the importance of nursing for a longer duration to fully achieve the potential benefits for both mother and infant. *Psychological Benefits* That there are psychological benefits of breast-feeding for both the mother and the infant is generally assumed but has been particularly difficult to characterize and quantify. Studies relating to psychological benefits of breast-feeding have been criticized for methodological flaws such as evaluation tool limitations and a narrow focus on developmental outcomes, which exclude the processes underlying development (21). Acknowledging the challenges of such investigations, several reports have linked breast-feeding, and especially duration of breast-feeding, with cognitive and emotional psychological benefits. Mothers with early infant contact breast-fed longer (22,23) and showed more attachment behavior than women without early contact (24) and infants who were not breast-fed. The unique composition of human milk, such as the fatty acid composition discussed later, almost certainly plays an important role in neuropsychological development. Low-birth-weight infants fed mother's milk scored better on developmental tests at age 18 months and intelligence tests at age 7 or 8 years than infants who received human milk substitutes (25). Similarly, significant increases in cognitive development test scores were identified in school-aged children (26). More importantly, the increases in cognitive development were related to the duration of breast-feeding during infancy."