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To: GUSTAVE JAEGER who wrote (17064)	9/18/2000 7:20:20 PM
From: goldsnow	Read Replies (2) \| Respond to of 17770

But the protests have uncovered some interesting quirks of character. Supposedly hot-headed southern Europeans have been noticeably slower to swing into action than their supposedly more reticent northern cousins. In Italy, fishermen have blockaded a few small ports and some lorry and taxi drivers have threatened to protest. But this is a far cry from the direct protests a few years ago over EU milk quotas, when farmers poured rivers of slurry and milk on to motorways to disrupt the economy. Apart from some grumbling about prices, Spanish drivers and farmers have also, so far, been pretty quiet. Perhaps they are less susceptible to this strain of the French disease. Is there a direct link, these days, between Frenchness and a willingness to take to the street for political ends? economist.com

To: GUSTAVE JAEGER who wrote (17064)	9/18/2000 9:36:05 PM
From: Tom Clarke	Read Replies (2) \| Respond to of 17770

Euro-federalists financed by US spy chiefs By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in Brussels 19 September 2000 Declassified American government documents show that the US intelligence community ran a campaign in the Fifties and Sixties to build momentum for a united Europe. It funded and directed the European federalist movement. The documents confirm suspicions voiced at the time that America was working aggressively behind the scenes to push Britain into a European state. One memorandum, dated July 26, 1950, gives instructions for a campaign to promote a fully fledged European parliament. It is signed by Gen William J Donovan, head of the American wartime Office of Strategic Services, precursor of the CIA. The documents were found by Joshua Paul, a researcher at Georgetown University in Washington. They include files released by the US National Archives. Washington's main tool for shaping the European agenda was the American Committee for a United Europe, created in 1948. The chairman was Donovan, ostensibly a private lawyer by then. The vice-chairman was Allen Dulles, the CIA director in the Fifties. The board included Walter Bedell Smith, the CIA's first director, and a roster of ex-OSS figures and officials who moved in and out of the CIA. The documents show that ACUE financed the European Movement, the most important federalist organisation in the post-war years. In 1958, for example, it provided 53.5 per cent of the movement's funds. The European Youth Campaign, an arm of the European Movement, was wholly funded and controlled by Washington. The Belgian director, Baron Boel, received monthly payments into a special account. When the head of the European Movement, Polish-born Joseph Retinger, bridled at this degree of American control and tried to raise money in Europe, he was quickly reprimanded. The leaders of the European Movement - Retinger, the visionary Robert Schuman and the former Belgian prime minister Paul-Henri Spaak - were all treated as hired hands by their American sponsors. The US role was handled as a covert operation. ACUE's funding came from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations as well as business groups with close ties to the US government. The head of the Ford Foundation, ex-OSS officer Paul Hoffman, doubled as head of ACUE in the late Fifties. The State Department also played a role. A memo from the European section, dated June 11, 1965, advises the vice-president of the European Economic Community, Robert Marjolin, to pursue monetary union by stealth. It recommends suppressing debate until the point at which "adoption of such proposals would become virtually inescapable". telegraph.co.uk