To: Letmebe Frank who wrote (349 ) 3/17/2002 10:39:04 AM From: Letmebe Frank Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 613 Wills Comments, from StockWatch: Author: WillP -- Date:2002-03-16 14:22:25 Subject: Root Canal Oh, my. Well, first the easy one. Yes, Ma is million years. Ga is billion years. Think "Ma" for kimberltie eruptions, and "Ga" for diamond formation. OK. So diamonds formed billions of years ago, under just the right circumstances of pressure and temperature. The hotter it gets, the more pressure you need to keep the carbon from becoming graphite, not diamonds. Since the diamonds were formed, until the kimberlite eruptions that carried them to the surface, you needed conditions that were favourable to diamond preservation. New term: A geotherm is a curve that relates temperature as a function of pressure or depth. That rate can vary considerably, depending on just where you are descending into the lithosphere, say under an ocean, as opposed to through a continent. In simple terms, at a certain depth, the pressure will be much greater for a given temperature under a continent than it will be under an ocean. Greater pressures with a given temperature is a good thing. It puts you toward the favourable side of the diamond-graphite curve. Also, the lithosphere tend to be significantly thicker under continents than under oceans. Below the lithosphere, in the asthenosphere, temperatures increase much more rapidly with depth, which is clearly bad. A thicker lithosphere therefore gives you a greater depth that you can get diamonds from, potentially -- assuming that the geotherm prevailing in that area is sufficiently cool to allow you to reach the diamond-graphite stability curve before you run out of lithosphere. Basically, it has been observed that the composition of diamondiferous harzburgites suggests that they were formed at considerably cooler pressures than the surrounding rocks, which suggests that they were formed in a deep, but cool, and therefore solid portion of the mantle. That is the "deep roots". Anyway, even if things are good enough to make diamonds, they have to stay there for Ga, before they were carried to the surface Ma ago. So, there had better not have been any significant variations in the thermal regime over that time. It better not have gotten much warmer, or the diamonds would have been "burned up". Fortunately, the Archaean cratons -- along with their generally thick roots -- also have had a quite stable temperature regime since they were formed. Well, thats part of the story, at least. As for slide 28, I really can't say what caught VAUGHN's eye. What caught mine was the base of the lithosphere, at 170 km, and the 44mW/m2 geotherm. Neither particularly impressed me, although the lithosphere depth seems sufficient, given an average of 160-200 km for cratons, although deeper ones certainly exist. As well, the 44 geotherm seems a bit on the "warm side". Neverhteless, the diamond stability field was probably sampled, although not necessarily to a great extent. That would seem to be supported by the mini-bulk samples. Deeper roots on Baffin, and a colder geotherm would be a good thing. Regards, WillP