To: Johannes Pilch who wrote (660713 ) 11/16/2004 1:51:26 PM From: J. C. Dithers Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 769670 You said on animal racism: ...I have in mind the idea of one group of creatures rejecting other groups that are genetically and morphologically the same as the first group, and can even interbreed, differing only superficially – such as in the hair, feathers or skin. Then you go on to say such racism is rare in the animal kingdom. I have to disagree. I think it is demonstrably the norm. Bird varieties could interbreed but don't. Crows, sparrows, pigeons, etc., flock and mate only with their own type. Lions and tigers are both cats and could interbreed (and have in zoos as the "liger") but do not in the wild. Horses and buffalos shared the western plains but never interbred or mixed together. Such examples are legion. At a minimum, animals are strict segregationists. They prefer their own to the exclusion of their "cousins" who differ from them only superficially. Packs of wolves and coyotes can coexist peacefully in the wild, but only by respecting territorial boundaries. When there is a violation of boundaries or an intrusion into food sources, it is met by aggression and violence. Stronger, more successful animals can and do marginalize their weaker brethren when the issue is as basic as survival. Such behavior hardly differs from the Sharks and the Jets in West Side Story , which was a morality play about racism . We differ from animals only by virtue of higher intelligence. We, too, are prompted by instincts -- even to the point, unfortunately, of killing our young at times. It is far from irrelevant to study animals behaviors in the quest to better understand our own. You said also that racism is merely the result of self-ignorance and barbarity . What is the meaning of "racism" to you? How would you define it? Does dislike of another race, or all other races, constitute "racism"? I ask you this not in a taunting manner, but sincerely. "Racism" is a term considered pejorative, used frequently, but seldom defined with any precision. I would be very interested in your view.