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Politics : Bush-The Mastermind behind 9/11? -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: sea_urchin who wrote (9638)	1/10/2005 10:42:03 AM
From: GUSTAVE JAEGER	Respond to of 20039

Re: As I understand it, the reason for the "upgrade" is because Richter magnitude 9 is full scale on the seismometer... ...and magnitude 6.4 is NOT. So, you don't disprove anything or, rather, the only way to prove your point is to assume that Indonesian geophysicists are but a bunch of dunces... Besides, I've adduced several scientific papers and litterature pertaining to the tsunami phenomenon, and all of them list "underwater nuclear explosions" among the possible causes that can trigger tsunamis... It's also acknowledged that, back in the 1950s, nuclear tests off the Marshall Islands set off tsunamis(). Yet, according to your understanding, only a ZILLION nuclear explosions could trigger a tsunami --hence my simple question: do you insinuate that, back in the 1950s, the US carried out nuclear tests/explosions involving a zillion nukes SIMULTANEOUSLY? If so, then the US did take the whole world for a ride as it always claimed the USSR had a nuclear "edge" over the free world --LOL! Gus () Underwater Explosions Nuclear testing by the United States in the Marshall Islands in the 1940s and 1950s generated tsunami. tulane.edu

To: sea_urchin who wrote (9638)	1/10/2005 11:32:08 AM
From: GUSTAVE JAEGER	Respond to of 20039

4.12 OPERATION WIGWAM. Operation WIGWAM consisted of only one nuclear detonation, a deep underwater test conducted in the Pacific Ocean approximately 500 miles southwest of San Diego, California. The device was suspended by cable from an unmanned barge and detonated at a depth of 2,000 feet in water 16,000 feet deep. The test, which had a yield of 30 kilotons, occurred on 14 May 1955 at 1300 hours Pacific Daylight Time (16: 9). The test site was chosen after careful deliberation. AT DOD request, Scripps Institution of Oceanography surveyed various locations in the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic. The site had to be deep enough to contain the detonation, yet away from undersea or sea bottom perturbations, such as sea mounts, ridges, and islands. Migratory fishing areas were to be avoided. In addition, the site was to have fairly well-known currents and thermal gradients, a predominance of good weather, and isolation from shipping lanes. The area selected was judged the best to fulfill the requirements (16: 1-11). 4.12.1 Background and Objectives of Operation WIGWAM. Prior to WIGWAM, nuclear weapons had been tested in the atmosphere, on the surface of the earth or water, or at a shallow underwater depth. Considerable interest developed, particularly within the Navy, in investigating deep underwater effects by detonating a weapon at sufficient depth to contain all the initial energy of the nuclear explosion in the water (16: 1-3). The Navy needed to know how a deep underwater shot would affect naval forces and, specifically, the answers to two leading questions: (1) What are the characteristics and lethal ranges of the resulting underwater shock wave? and (2) What are the effects of the radioactivity, following the explosion, on naval tactical operations? For example, could a surface vessel use a nuclear depth charge to destroy submerged enemy submarines without endangering itself? Specific answers to these questions were required to plan possible naval use of these weapons (16: 1-3,1-5). 4.12.2 WIGWAM Test Operations. Approximately 6,800 personnel and 30 ships participated in Operation WIGWAM. They conducted or supported the three scientific programs designed to collect the desired data (16: 9,1-3). A 6-mile towline connected the fleet tug, USS Tawasa, and the barge from which the nuclear device was suspended. Located at varying distances along this towline were a variety of pressuremeasuring instruments, unmanned and specially prepared submerged submarinelike hulls (called squaws), as well as instrumented and also unmanned surface boats (16: 9). The ships and personnel conducting the test were positioned 5 miles upwind from the barge that suspended the nuclear device. The only exceptions were for USS George Eastman (YAG-39) and USS Granville S. Hall (YAG-40). These two extensively reconfigured ships, equipped with special shielding to prevent radiological exposure, were stationed 5 miles downwind from the barge. Recovery parties later reentered the test area with radiological safety monitors, and after aerial surveys showed the general location and size of the contaminated water area and the radiation levels (16: 9). [...] cddc.vt.edu

To: sea_urchin who wrote (9638)	1/10/2005 11:35:56 AM
From: GUSTAVE JAEGER	Read Replies (2) \| Respond to of 20039

DESCRIPTION OF UNDERWATER BURSTS [...] DEEP UNDERWATER EXPLOSION PHENOMENA 2.83 Because the effects of a deep underwater nuclear explosion are largely of military interest, the phenomena will be described in general terms and in less detail than for a shallow underwater burst. The following discussion is based largely on observations made at the WAHOO shot in 1958, when a nuclear weapon was detonated at a depth of 500 feet in deep water. *The generation of large-scale water waves in deep underwater bursts will be considered in Chapter VI.[]** 2.84 The spray dome formed by the WAHOO explosion rose to a height of 900 feet above the surface of the water (Fig. 2.84a). Shortly after the maximum height was attained, the hot gas and steam bubble burst through the dome, throwing out a plume with jets in all directions; the highest jets reached an elevation of 1,700 feet (Fig. 2.84b). There was no airborne radioactive cloud, such as was observed in the shallow underwater BAKER shot. The collapse of the plume created a visible base surge extending out to a distance of over 2½ miles downwind and reaching a maximum height of about 1,000 feet (Fig. 2.84c). This base surge traveled outward at an initial speed of nearly 75 miles per hour, but decreased within 10 seconds to less than 20 miles per hour. [Figures] 2.85 There was little evidence of the fireball in the WAHOO shot, because of the depth of the burst, and only a small amount of thermal radiation escaped. The initial nuclear radiation was similar to that from a shallow underwater burst, but there was no lingering airborne radioactive cloud from which fallout could occur. The radioactivity was associated with the base surge while it was visible and also after the water droplets had evaporated. The invisible, radioactive base surge continued to expand while moving in the downwind direction. However, very little radioactivity was found on the surface of the water. 2.86 The hot gas bubble formed by a deep underwater nuclear explosion rises through the water and continues to expand at a decreasing rate until a maximum size is reached. If it is not too near the surface or the bottom at this time, the bubble remains nearly spherical. As a result of the outward momentum of the water surrounding the bubble, the latter actually overexpands; that is to say, when it attains its maximum size its contents are at a pressure well below the ambient water pressure. The higher pressure outside the bubble then causes it to contract, resulting in an increase of the pressure within the bubble and condensation of some of the steam. Since the hydrostatic (water) pressure is larger at the bottom of the bubble than at the top, the bubble does not remain spherical during the contraction phase. The bottom moves upward faster than the top (which may even remain stationary) and reaches the top to form a toroidal bubble as viewed from above. This causes turbulence and mixing of the bubble contents with the surrounding water. 2.87 The momentum of the water set in motion by contraction of the bubble causes it to overcontract, and its internal pressure once more becomes higher than the ambient water pressure. A second compression (shock) wave in the water commences after the bubble reaches its minimum volume. This compression wave has a lower peak overpressure but a longer duration than the initial shock wave in the water. A second cycle of bubble expansion and contraction then begins. 2.88 If the detonation occurs far enough below the surface, as in the WIGWAM test in 1955 at a depth of about 2,000 feet, the bubble continues to pulsate and rise, although after three complete cycles enough steam will have condensed to make additional pulsations unlikely. During the pulsation and upward motion of the bubble, the water surrounding the bubble acquires considerable upward momentum and eventually breaks through the surface with a high velocity, e.g., 200 miles per hour in the WIGWAM event, thereby creating a large plume. If water surface breakthrough occurs while the bubble pressure is below ambient, a phenomenon called "blowin" occurs. The plume is then likely to resemble a vertical column which may break up into jets that disintegrate into spray as they travel through the air. 2.89 The activity levels of the radioactive base surge will be affected by the phase of the bubble when it breaks through the water surface. Hence, these levels may be expected to vary widely, and although the initial radiation intensities may be very high, their duration is expected to be short. [...] cddc.vt.edu [*] Guess what: I can't find that Chapter VI!!!!! Please, help me.... Gus

To: sea_urchin who wrote (9638)	1/10/2005 12:30:47 PM
From: GUSTAVE JAEGER	Respond to of 20039

One more clue --raked up from the blogosphere: "At midday local Australian time I faithfully recorded the magnitude and position plotted by the Jakarta Geophysical Office in Indonesia. An earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter scale had hit the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Jakarta Geophysical Office meticulously noted that the epicenter of the event was located 155 miles south-southwest of Aceh Province. This location is approximately 250 miles south of the position later selected by the American NOAA, which plotted the epicenter to the north-west of Aceh, and initially claimed a Richter reading of 8.0. Alas, even that was not enough to cover the damage caused by this extraordinary event, so NOAA progressively upgraded the reading to 8.5, then to 8.9, and finally to 9.0 - at least for the present." 66.102.9.104