To: TobagoJack who wrote (59999 ) 2/5/2005 10:31:04 PM From: Taikun Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 74559 Jay, <Terrified that new loans to new clients could potentially make their balance sheets worse than they already are, the banks largely refuse to lend to non-core clients, including Japan's ever-stunted small and medium-business sector.> Not sure I completely agree. There are now more progressive players in the market. Japan's Orix is more aggressive in providing liquidity and foreign hedge fund and REITs buy into cash-rich businesses (forcing dividend payouts) and undervalued properties, tearing them down and replacing them. I think this problem exposes more cultural issues such as: *Japanese consumers don't consume, so they don't borrow. Americans, Australians and Brits are far more prolific at tapping into home equity to buy cars, vacation condos and trips. The Japanese don't do this, so banks can't find new clients. Perhaps, as the article says, the banks don't push, but there are two parties to a bank loan, and in Japan, in some respects, there are a dearth of borrowers. Why? *Japanese are risk averse, investing in low-interest Post Office deposits (only now being privatised) and eschewing the stock market (due to cartel-like broker commissions with bloated costs), such that many moves in the market are largely the result of net inflows/outflows of foreigners into the market, except perhaps the small cap stocks. Many Japanese, individual or institutional, seem happier investing in BOJ bonds at 1%. As I believe Richebacher has pointed out, these 'low-interest' expectations are basically expectations of 'low returns'. This is pervasive in the economy, to the extent that many investors deny higher rates of return exist. These low-return expectations therefore drive investors away from higher return opportunities. It also tempers businesspeople's investment patterns. I remember trying to lure Japanese startups to expand to the US. The response by the management of these high margin, growth companies was "Why should we expand?" "We'll just pay more taxes?" "We make enough money, "Why do we need more stress?" Taxes are also an important issue. Japan, as one of the most homogenous countries in the world, also has one of the largest middle classes. Japan has quite low sales and income taxes at the personal level. The Americans have pushed Japan to raise tax rates, with little success. Japan has a relatively 'flat' pyramid-shaped income distribution where the very rich pay very high taxes at the margin but the middle class really have quite a bit of disposable income. In contrast, in the US, there are far more 'very high earners' paying comparatively less tax at the margin, and the US distribution looks more like a tall pyramid. In comparison to Japanese, most Americans will have to work much harder to move up the pyramid and have an equivalent amount of disposable income. The Americans would believe that raising taxes for the middle class would make Japanese more aggressive, thus they would seek higher returns from their investments, and strive to move up the pyramid. Another aspect of a taller pyramid is that it could also lead to more acquisitive behavior, whereby the really rich acquire and the wannabees borrow to emulate them. If the Japanese accepted this, though, they know this would likely bring about a deep, materialistic change to their society that may run against the Shinto undertones that temper society and lead to the image of the Japanese as 'pacifist'. The Japanese remember the pain fo the bursting of the last bubble, and it seems they prefer complacency and 1% returns instead. This will continue to be bad for the economy, growth rates, CAPEX investment and returns. These will all continue to suffer, in my opinion, and BOJ bond-buying failure will just be a symptom. David