Muslims, Westerners - same, same
By Jim Lobe
WASHINGTON - The world views of Muslims and Westerners in many respects are mirror images, according to the results of a major new survey, which suggests that European Muslims, who held the most tolerant views, could be a bridge between the two groups.
"Many in the West see Muslims as fanatical, violent and ... lacking tolerance," according to an analysis of the survey by the Washington-based Pew Global Attitudes Project. "Muslims in the Middle East and Asia generally see Westerners as selfish, immoral and greedy as well as violent and fanatical."
But the survey also found that was less true among European Muslims. "In many ways, the views of Europe's Muslims represent a middle ground between the way Western publics and Muslims in the Middle East and Asia view each other," it said.
The survey and analysis, which were released by Pew in Washington on Thursday, found that positive views held by Muslims of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and terror tactics associated with him have declined over the past year, quite substantially in Pakistan and Jordan, where suicide attacks killed more than 50 people in Amman hotels over the past year.
At the same time, the percentage of Muslims who believe that Arabs did not carry out the September 11, 2001, attacks on New York and the Pentagon has increased. Majorities in Indonesia, Turkey, Egypt and Jordan and among the Muslim community in Britain doubt that Arabs had any role.
The survey, which was carried out in 13 countries from the beginning of April until mid-May, found that negative views of Muslims had become especially pronounced in Germany and Spain, where only 36% and 29% of respondents, respectively, expressed favorable opinions of Muslims. Both marked major declines from the last Pew poll one year ago.
By contrast, nearly two-thirds of French and British citizens said they had favorable views of Muslims. Fifty-six percent of Russians agreed with that opinion, as did 54% of US respondents.
Interestingly, British and French respondents were the most upbeat as well about the prospects for democracy in Muslim countries. Six in 10 respondents in France and Britain said democracy could work well there, while only 49% of US citizens and an average of four in 10 Spanish and Germans agreed.
More than 60% of Indonesians and Jordanians said they had favorable views of Christians, followed by 48% of Egyptians.
But only about one-quarter of Pakistanis described their views as favorable, while only about one in seven Turks agreed, a possible reflection of growing anti-European and anti-US opinion resulting from negotiations over Turkey's admission to the European Union and the popular anger there against the US invasion of Iraq.
By contrast, Muslims living in Europe were much more positive about Christians, one of a number of indications in the survey that European Muslims are not only considerably less alienated from the societies in which they reside than many recent analyses have suggested, but also that they could act as a moderating force in the Muslim-Western divide.
Nine out of 10 French Muslims said they had positive views of Christians, followed by eight out of 10 Spanish Muslims (in spite of the strongly anti-Muslim views of most Spanish). Roughly seven out of 10 English and German Muslims also said their views of Christians were favorable.
Of all Muslim populations surveyed, French Muslims were by far the most positive toward Jews - 71% said they had favorable opinions, roughly twice the percentage of Muslims in Britain, Germany and Spain.
Elsewhere in the Muslim world, views of Jews were far more negative: in Indonesia, 17% of respondents said they had favorable opinions; in Turkey, 15%; in Pakistan 6%; and in the two Arab countries surveyed, Egypt and Jordan, only 2% and 1%, respectively.
As to relations between Muslims and Westerners, majorities in 10 out of 12 countries described them as "generally bad". In Europe, the most negative views were found in Germany (70% said "generally bad") and France (66%). Fifty-five percent of US respondents described it the same way.
Turkey was the most negative of the predominantly Muslim nations, with nearly two-thirds opting for "generally bad" - although 77% of Nigerian Muslims made the same assessment - followed by Egypt (58%), Jordan (54%) and Indonesia (53%). Pakistan, where a slight plurality said that relations were "generally good", was the only exception.
The Pew analysis concluded that Muslims held "an aggrieved view of the West - they were much more likely than Americans or Western Europeans to blame Western policies for their own lack of prosperity. For their part, Western publics instead pointed to government corruption, lack of education and Islamic fundamentalism as the biggest obstacles to Muslim prosperity."
Thus Muslims, particularly in Asia and the Middle East, tended to blame the controversy this year over Danish cartoon depictions of Mohammed on Western disrespect for Islam. Majorities in the US and Europe, on the other hand, blamed the crisis on Muslim intolerance.
In many respects, the two groups hold mirror images, however. When asked to choose among a list of negative traits, Muslim and non-Muslim respondents saw in the other group, the survey found, that Muslims in the Middle East and Asia - often by large majorities - generally viewed Westerners as selfish, arrogant and violent. European Muslims, particularly those in France and Spain, however, tended to be far less damning about the traits of non-Muslims than in predominantly Muslim countries.
At the same time, majorities of non-Muslims in Europe found Muslims to be fanatical and violent, although only minorities in Britain, the US and France subscribed to that view.
The survey's findings suggested that French and Spanish Muslims were the least alienated from their surrounding societies, even if the general public in Spain was found to be the most hostile toward Muslims of any of the European societies covered by the poll.
Four in 10 non-Muslim Spaniards said they believed that most or many Muslims in their country supported Islamic extremism, but only 12% of Spanish Muslims agreed. Of the four minority publics surveyed, British Muslims were the most critical of their country and "come closer to views of Muslims around the world in their opinions of Westerners".
The religious divide was found to be surprisingly sharp in Nigeria, where, for example, nearly three out of four Muslims and Christians ascribed negative traits to the other groups. Nigerian Muslims also constituted a "conspicuous exception" to the trend toward declining confidence in bin Laden in the Muslim world.
More than six in 10 Nigerian Muslims said they had at least some confidence in the al-Qaeda leader, up from 44% in 2003. In addition, nearly half of Nigeria's Muslims said suicide bombings could be justified often or sometimes in the defense of Islam.
(Inter Press Service) |
