To: Maurice Winn who wrote (25144 ) 11/13/2007 7:32:45 AM From: arun gera Read Replies (2) | Respond to of 217710 Very convenient. You measure time on your own terms. Any perceived injustices perpetrated by the Europeans are either too far in history or happened when others were bad too. Such rationalization continues to date. (I am not saying other cultures don't do similar rationalizations) In my opinion, 19th century and earlier were not carnage, at least not on mass scales. Carnage was relatively infrequent, happening in large scales once in a few centuries in each geographical area. This was partly due to the fact that mass scale carnage was difficult to implement as few rulers had the administrative, motivational, or leadership powers to implement mass scale carnage. Every community used to remember the carnages inflicted on them for centuries. And there were not that many otherwise, they would not have to go back that long back. This was because the memory of the last carnage was used to bind that community together. So Osama Bin laden talks about the loss to the Mongols nearly a millenium ago. Sikhs remember the injustices of Aurangzeb, an emperor in the 17th century. Jews use the holocaust to try to fight the forces of dispersion that are scattering jews and diluting their culture and gene pool. Hindus have to go back to Mahmud Ghaznavi (around 1000 AD) and Mohammad Ghauri, because some of the later Muslim rulers were probably not too bad. You have to give credit where it due to the innate humanity of all. Pre-capitalist agricultural societies (or even hunter gatherer societies) were not uncivilized or dishonest or unjust. It is that what bound them together was family and extended family and clan. The continuity and steadiness of these relationships gave them happiness. And this is true even today. If it was not, everyone in Indian villages would have tried to move to the cities, but even after 200 years of attempt at urbanization has not resulted in such migrations. However, with increased exposure to mass media, the villagers are going to feel more and more unhappy that they are not getting those exquisite goods that the city dudes have, and that unhappiness will drive them towards urban areas. >I have heard of opium wars. I haven't read the detail about the history of it. The 19th century and earlier were carnage. Same for swathes of the 20th century. > -Arun