To: Roger A. Babb who wrote (9429 ) 6/1/1998 6:05:00 AM From: Dale Baker Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 18691
From the Washington Post on the India - Pakistan nuclear "balance": Given their mutual suspicion and distrust, and the capability each nation has to build nuclear warheads and deliver them on planes and missiles, it may not matter what they claim, arms control experts said: The other side probably will assume the worst. Even if India says it has not deployed its weapons, Foreign Minister Khan said, "How long does it take to put a bullet into a gun?" Arms control experts said it is not that simple, that to be considered fully deployed, a country needs trained personnel manning completely assembled weapons full-time with the authority to launch them. That might leave room for some type of verifiable non-deployment treaty if India and Pakistan could develop greater trust, they said. If that proves impossible and the countries deploy, they will face numerous expensive decisions about how to ensure the safety of their arsenals, prevent unauthorized use of the weapons, guarantee their ability to survive a first strike and launch a counterattack -- which is critical to deterring a war in the first place -- and ensure that they have adequate and reliable systems to warn them of an attack and its source. Such warning systems can be as expensive as the missile systems themselves, experts said. Without such safeguards, "all it takes is one crazy lieutenant or air marshal in the chain of command for a calamity," said South Asian security expert Stephen P. Cohen, of the University of Illinois. "We had our own hawkish strategic command, but it was embedded in a command and control structure that was pretty rigid. And they screened people psychologically -- especially the Russians. But we don't know what type of systems India and Pakistan will come up with." Moreover, because of its smaller territory, smaller arsenal and shorter reaction time, "Pakistan could be confronted with 'use them or lose them,' because all of their missiles will be easily accessible to Indian aircraft or missiles. So they better make sure they have people who are reliable and under tight control from Islamabad," Cohen said. A U.S. congressional aide pointed out that once a country deploys nuclear weapons, "you have the risk of accidental war, miscalculation, hair-trigger wars -- it's only a matter of minutes in South Asia -- early warning, launch on warning, questions of doctrine, unauthorized use, terrorism and sabotage, bureaucratic problems, and issues of safety and security, and command and control." "It helps if you have a triad of mobile land, sea and air forces, but then you get sticker shock," he continued. "The tendency is to sacrifice safety, health and the environment and go with the hardware. The question is, will these countries go to the same expense as the United States and the Soviet Union?" "Part of the Cold War lesson is that it takes a lot of willpower for two adversaries to work together for arms control," said Stanford's Sagan. "It remains to be seen if India and Pakistan can do it."